Crushers are used for crushing rocks and stone. They act by rubbing, crushing, splitting, hitting lumps and pieces against each other. In the household sphere, a coal crusher is more common.
It is necessary primarily for grinding large pieces of coal for burning in various types of furnaces, forges. Some crushers have a special conveyor that automatically feeds the finished fuel into the furnace.
1 Varieties of coal crushers
The separation of coal crushers is carried out according to the type of mechanism. There are five main varieties:
- Cheek.
- Cone.
- Roller.
- Hammer.
- Rotary.
Although it is desirable to use the hammer and roller type for coal, the others can also be used. Often. It is possible to use a coal crusher for other purposes - household and construction waste, wood and organic matter.
The tool is also divided according to the size of the resulting finished product.
Coarse crushing - up to 300 mm, medium - up to 100 mm, fine - up to 25 mm. For coal, all types of crushing can be used, depending on the type of furnace where this fuel is used.
A rarer type of device for crushing coal is centrifugal. Small pieces of rock are suitable for him, up to 10 centimeters, since larger ones can damage the components of the device. The accelerator begins to rotate along the vertical axis, due to which the pieces of coal hit the special finish - the lining, as well as each other. Thus, the pieces are crushed.
1.1 Types of coal crushers (video)
1.2 Manual type
A manual crusher is also produced for obtaining pieces of coal up to 40 mm, for example MTs-350. It consistently produces 350 kilograms of finished product per hour at a temperature range of -30 degrees to +50°C. It is necessary to load rock no more than 150 mm there, one piece at a time, since hammering the device and jamming it is quite simple. Finished product size is customizable.
The higher the moisture content of coal (more than 28 percent), the larger pieces should be made. If the humidity is low or the coal is dry prior to crushing, which is highly recommended, then the settings can be reduced to small pieces. There are restrictive plates under the lever - if the plate is lowered, the size of the output material will be smaller; if raised, the pieces will be larger.
2 Operation description of coal crusher
All types of crushers differ in the way the material is crushed. For each breed, it is better to choose your own type of crushing. Also the choice depends on the humidity and the size of the desired output material.
2.1 Cheek
The basic principle of operation of the jaw crusher for coal is grinding. The rock is located between two plates-cheeks. One of them is motionless and fixed on the base of the machine, the frame. The movable cheek makes complex movements, oscillatory, vertical, horizontal, shock. There are models with both moving cheeks.
The cheek plates are brought together by making complex or simple movements (depending on the type of crusher). They grind the breed among themselves. Then they move away, missing more large pieces to the bottom, where the pressure between the plates is higher than at the top. Crushed, small pieces of rock are poured into the chute and come out.
The upper part of the jaw crusher is called the boot. The size of the coal that can be loaded is determined by the width between the cheeks at the top. The crushing chamber is wedge-shaped, so the pieces are broken several times with each movement of the cheeks. This allows you to break off large blocks gradually.
There is a wide variety of such crushers, and the main difference between the models is:
- the size of the opening for loading, the angle between the cheeks;
- degree of compression between the plates;
- the number and intensity of oscillatory movements performed;
- the ability to grind rocks of different density and strength (lignite, stone, wood, etc.).
The main advantage of jaw type crushers is their simplicity. They are easy to install, unpretentious to repair, parts change quickly. However, it has many disadvantages, including:
- increased noise level;
- rapid wear of parts due to vibration;
- uneven output material;
- often clogged with unsuitable pieces of rock - you need to carefully monitor the supply of coal.
2.2 Cone
The cone crusher consists of a receiving cone and crushing outer and inner cones. The receiving one, which is also bootable, serves to supply the material to the crushing system. Inside the fixed conical bowl, the movable part of the cone rotates, crushing coal. The convergence of the inner and outer cones, associated with complex oscillatory movements, crushes pieces of rock. And when rotating, the cone pushes the finished material into the discharge opening.
Unlike jaws, there is no idling (for jaws, this is the return movement of the plates). However general principle the action is similar - rubbing between two surfaces.
2.3 Roll
Grinding of coal in a roller crusher is carried out by crushing between two (or more) horizontally mounted shafts. Coal is fed from above, it is pulled by the rotational movements of parallel shafts into the gap between them, where the rock is ground. finished product sleeps below.
There are three types of roller devices that differ in the surface of the crushing element-shaft:
- smooth;
- corrugated;
- serrated (cutting).
Smooth ones are designed for softer or wetter rock, since they mainly crush and grind. Serrated and corrugated better than smooth ones capture drier rock, crush it by crushing and cutting. Shafts differ in strength, number of elements, diameter, length. Performance directly depends on these parameters.
2.4 Rotary
The impact crusher is ideal for crushing large and hard coal cobblestones. The beaters (blades) rotating on the rotor have a huge kinetic force and crush even the most durable material. The result is the smallest pieces on average 25 mm. This is the most efficient type of coal crusher, but it is very expensive and requires professional maintenance. Rotor blades wear out quickly and need to be replaced regularly.
2.5 Hammer
This type of crusher is universal. It has a wide range of breeds, as well as the size of the unloaded finished material. If for a summer residence, a plot, a crusher for coal, waste, household, metal is needed - all in one, then it is more expedient to purchase a hammer mill.
Hammers for crushing rotate in a circle, hitting the rock. Coal also beats against the walls of the hull. The drier the rock, the better this type of device works. The size of the resulting rock is regulated by the width of the slot of the discharge grate, as well as the distance between the body (or grate) grate and the hammer.
2.6 Do-it-yourself coal crusher
The easiest to create with your own hands is a coal roll crusher. More often it is made using cutting and crushing elements, which is convenient at their summer cottage. Such coal crushers are adapted for various materials - glass. It should be borne in mind that the power of the crusher should be no more than 2.6 kW.
Required Components:
- electric motor (drive);
- 10 to 20 saws, each 10 mm thick;
- sheets of galvanized iron;
- metal pipes;
- working shaft, metal hairpin;
- washers, nuts.
The hairpin, with circular saws strung on it, plays the role of an axis. Washers should be inserted between the saws so that they do not rub against each other. The axis with saws is mounted on the working shaft using a pulley. The pulley is suitable from a car generator, from there you can also take 2 bearings with a diameter of 2 centimeters for smooth rotation. Next, a connection is made to the drive of the electric motor, which will ensure the rotation of the axis with the saws.
The frame is welded from metal pipes. Inside the frame, two profiles are installed for the receiving hopper and the working chamber. The structure is sheathed with galvanized iron sheets, leaving two holes - for the motor and the working drum. The frame is placed on 4-6 legs.
Next, the drive belt tension disk is installed. The cutters should move freely by periodically adjusting this disc. The body is placed on the working element - a drum with saws and a loading hopper is installed at the top. Thus, a simple but effective tool for crushing coal, and, if desired, other material, is obtained.
As we noted earlier, ball drum mills are used in all industries where it is necessary to grind material. In such mills, steel grinding balls are used as the grinding medium in most cases.
In this publication, we will consider the use of steel grinding balls in the grinding process. This process is preparatory when creating a mixture for combustion in boilers for.
To create high-quality fuel for furnaces of TPP blocks, which is made on the basis of coal, it is necessary to achieve the maximum degree of grinding (10-18% of the residue on sieve No. 008) of the material and to reduce humidity to the maximum.
Drying and grinding of fuel can be carried out separately or combined in one unit. When separating these processes, the coal is dried in drying drums, and ground in short ball mills. For grinding coal, conventional ball mills of the ShBM brand are used. The drum length to diameter ratio is typically 1.5:1.
Since the times of the USSR, grinding balls with a diameter of 40 mm of the second and third hardness groups have been used to grind coal at thermal power plants. This is due to the rather low hardness of the material to be ground and the absence of grinding balls of higher hardness groups in the past.
Tracking the world practice of coal grinding, Energosteel specialists were among the first to offer their customers to use grinding balls of the fourth and fifth hardness groups when grinding coal. Numerous tests were carried out, which proved that the use of grinding balls of the fourth and fifth hardness groups leads to a significant reduction in the cost of grinding one ton of coal. At present, almost all energy storage companies in Ukraine use steel grinding balls with a diameter of 40 mm produced by Energosteel Plant LLC of the fourth and fifth hardness groups.
The mills operate in a mixed mode, i.e. part of the kinetic energy of the grinding balls is directed to impact (to destroy pieces of materials), the rest is to abrade the material into dust. To increase the performance of a ball mill, coal is pre-crushed to grains of 8-10 mm. For coarse and medium crushing, both jaw and roller crushers are mainly used. Hammer mills are used for finer grinding. But when working with coal, special care should be taken, as it is flammable and explosive when finely crushed. In this regard, the crushing process has been replaced by grinding in ball mills.
Small grains of fuel formed in the mill in the form of a dust-gas mixture are fed through a pipeline to a continuous separator to separate large grains, which then return through a pipe to the mill for regrinding. The finished product also in the form of a dust-gas mixture enters the cyclone for the deposition of coal dust from the gas stream.
The gases freed from coal dust enter a powerful fan and are forced by it into the branch pipe of the rotary kiln blower fan, through which coal dust is blown into the furnace through a nozzle. The dust deposited in the cyclone is poured into the hopper, from where it uniformly enters the nozzle through the feeder, is picked up by the gas flow from the blower fan and is introduced into the furnace.
It should be noted that today, grinding balls produced by Energosteel Plant LLC are used in almost all thermal power plants in Ukraine. Thanks to the specialists of our company, the established stereotype was “destroyed” that only grinding balls of the second and third hardness groups are used when grinding coal. A number of industrial tests were carried out, which showed that the use of grinding balls of increased hardness does not affect the quality of grinding and wear of the drum armor. And by reducing the specific wear of grinding bodies, a reduction in the cost of grinding 1 ton of coal is achieved. Also, the time of additional loading operations is reduced, which generally leads to an increase in the efficiency of the ball mills.
Every fan of moonshine easily goes through the first two stages of making moonshine at home. He will be able to make mash and distill it into raw alcohol. But with the purification of alcohol, many have problems. However, there is nothing complicated in such technology. One of the most effective and environmentally friendly methods is cleaning moonshine with charcoal or carbonization.
The structure of coal allows you to absorb molecules of fusel oils and other impurities, as well as absorb the specific unpleasant smell of moonshine. Thus, the final taste of the drink improves, it becomes less harmful and moderate consumption is not harmful to human health.
Please note that not all charcoal is suitable for cleaning alcohol. Its correct choice is the key to the quality of this process.
Which coal to choose?
To purify moonshine, charcoal (for example, birch) or coconut charcoal, which is obtained through pyrolysis, is best suited.
The most affordable brands that show best result, is activated birch charcoal BAU-A and coconut BAU-LV. The fact is that they were originally produced for use in the alcoholic beverage industry.
Activated charcoal tablets are not the most the best choice. The problem is that it is often made from bone tissue animals. Such material does not have the necessary properties that would make it possible to obtain high-quality moonshine.
Do not remove coal from a gas mask or any other device. The only exception to this rule is charcoal, which is used in water filters. However, if you take such material, then you need to make sure that it does not include foreign impurities.
A separate line is charcoal for barbecue or barbecue. It also allows you to remove harmful chemicals and compounds from the made moonshine. Please note that it is burnt material that suits us.
Coal for barbecue should be removed from the grill while it is smoldering. After that, it must be placed in a metal dish and tightly closed with a lid. For the effect we need, it is necessary to create tightness, that is, no air should flow to the smoldering coal. Only after the material burns out to the end can we use it to filter moonshine.
This cleaning process has an interesting feature. After it, the drink acquires an interesting aroma of smoke and fire. For many people, such homemade smoky alcohol is especially to their taste.
Now let's talk directly about how to clean moonshine with charcoal.
The right technology
Selected charcoal or coconut charcoal must be carefully crushed in any way convenient for you. The smaller the particles, the better the purification process will be.
First of all, we should dilute the prepared moonshine with water. The optimal strength is from 40 to 50 degrees. Pour the crushed angle into a clean container of a suitable volume. Pour diluted moonshine into it. It is important to keep the correct proportions. So, 25 grams of coal goes to 0.5 liters of moonshine.
Now it remains for us to hermetically seal the container and leave it in the pantry for infusion for 4-7 days. Remember to shake the container well every day.
Alternative technology
This technique is less commonly used, although, in my opinion, it has its clear advantages. It involves the use of a simple carbon filter during the process of the first distillation (distillation) of moonshine.
Many moonshine practitioners ask how you can make such a cleaning device with your own hands. Everything is incredibly simple.
We will need any funnel available at home. To begin with, we place 1-2 cotton pads in it. Sprinkle a layer of crushed charcoal on top. 2-3 cotton pads are additionally lined even higher.
Now we just have to place the do-it-yourself carbon filter under the stream of moonshine flowing from the moonshine still.
This method, of course, is inferior in efficiency to the one described above. However, such cleaning can also make the drink much better and tastier.
1. If in doubt about the amount of coal that is needed to purify alcohol, then it is better to put it a little more. It will not harm the drink in any way.
2. Once used charcoal must not be reused.
3. If you use different brands of coal for cleaning moonshine that were recommended above, then there is always a danger of spoiling the moonshine. To insure yourself against such an unfortunate accident, first test a small amount of the purchased product on a small amount of moonshine.
4. Using the methods described above, you can purify store-bought vodka. Believe me, the result is worth your time and effort.
Do not forget to share your own experience in purifying homemade alcohol in the comments to this article.
