Parents of little fidgets can surprise them with experiments that can be done at home. Light, but at the same time surprising and delightful, they are able not only to diversify the child's leisure time, but also allow you to look at familiar things with completely different eyes. And discover their properties, functions, purpose.

Young naturalists

Experiments at home, great for children under 10 years old - The best way help the child gain practical experience that will be useful to him in the future.

Safety precautions during experiments

In order for the conduct of cognitive experiments not to be overshadowed by troubles and injuries, it is enough to remember a few simple but important rules.

Safety comes first

1. Before you start working with chemicals, the work surface must be protected by covering it with film or paper. This will save parents from unnecessary cleaning and will save appearance and functionality of furniture.
2. In the process of work, you do not need to get too close to the reagents, bending over them. Especially if the plans - chemical experiments for young children involving unsafe substances. The measure will protect the mucous membranes of the mouth and eyes from irritation and burns.
3. If possible, use protective equipment: gloves, goggles. They should fit the child in size and not interfere with him during the experiment.

Simple experiments for the little ones

Developmental experiences and experiments for the youngest children (or for children under 10 years old) are usually simple and do not require parents to have any special skills or rare or expensive equipment. But the joy of discovery and a miracle, which is so easy to do with your own hands, will remain with him for a long time.

For example, children will be indescribably delighted with the real seven-color rainbow, which they themselves can call with the help of an ordinary mirror, a container of water and a sheet of white paper.

Rainbow in a bottle experience

To begin with, a mirror is placed at the bottom of a small basin or bath. Then, it is filled with water; and the light of the lantern is directed to the mirror. After the light is reflected and passed through the water, it decomposes into its constituent colors, becoming the same rainbow that can be seen on a sheet of white paper.

Another very simple and beautiful experiment can be done with ordinary water, wire and salt.

To start the experiment, you need to prepare a supersaturated salt solution. Calculating the desired concentration of a substance is quite simple: with the required amount of salt in water, it ceases to dissolve when the next portion is added. It is very good to use warm distilled water for this purpose. In order for the experiment to be more successful, the finished solution can also be poured into another container - this will remove dirt and make it cleaner.

Experience "Salt on a wire"

When everything is ready, a small piece of copper wire with a loop at the end is lowered into the solution. The container itself is removed to a warm place and left there for a certain time. As the solution begins to cool, the solubility of the salt will decrease and it will begin to settle on the wire in the form of beautiful crystals. It will be possible to notice the first results in a few days. By the way, not only ordinary, straight wire can be used in the experiment: by twisting bizarre figures out of it, you can grow crystals of various sizes and shapes. By the way, this experiment will give the child a great idea for New Year's toys in the form of real ice snowflakes - just find a flexible wire and form a beautiful symmetrical snowfield out of it.

Invisible ink can also make an indelible impression on the child. Preparing them is very simple: just take a cup of water, matches, cotton wool, half a lemon. And a sheet on which you can write the text.

Invisible ink can be bought ready-made

Start by mixing equal amounts of lemon juice and water in a bowl. Then, a little cotton wool is wound around a toothpick or a thin match. The resulting "pencil" is dipped into the mixture in the resulting liquid; then they can write any text on a piece of paper.

Although at first the words on paper will be completely invisible, it will be very easy to manifest them. To do this, a sheet with already dried ink must be brought to the lamp. The written words will immediately appear on a heated sheet of paper.

What kid doesn't love balloons?

It turns out that even inflating an ordinary balloon can be very original way. To do this, dissolve one tablespoon of baking soda in a bottle of water. And in another cup, the juice of one lemon and three tablespoons of vinegar are mixed. After, the contents of the cup are introduced into the bottle (for convenience, you can use a small funnel). The ball must be put on the neck of the bottle as quickly as possible until the chemical reaction is over. During this time, carbon dioxide will be able to quickly inflate the balloon under pressure. In order for the ball not to jump off the neck of the bottle, it can be fixed with tape or tape.

Experience "Inflate the balloon"

Colored milk looks very interesting and unusual, the colors of which will move, fancifully mixing with each other. For this experiment, you need to pour some whole milk into a plate and add a few drops of food coloring to it. Separate areas of the liquid will turn into different colors, but the spots will remain motionless. How to set them in motion? Very simple. It is enough to take a small cotton swab and, having previously dipped it in detergent, bring it to the surface of colored milk. By reacting with the milk fat molecules, the detergent molecules will make it move.

Experience "Drawings on milk"

Important! not suitable for this experiment. skimmed milk. You can only use whole!

Surely all children have seen at home and on the street for funny air bubbles in a mineral or sweet water. But are they strong enough to lift a grain of corn or raisins to the surface? It turns out yes! To check this, just pour any sparkling water into the bottle, and then throw some corn or raisins into it. The child will see for himself how easy under the action of air bubbles both corn and raisins will begin to rise, and then - having reached the surface of the liquid - fall down again.

Experiments for older children

Older children (from 10 years old) can be offered more complex chemical experiments that require more components. These experiments for older children are a little more difficult, but children can already take part in them.

To comply with safety regulations, children under 10 years of age should conduct experiments under the strict supervision of adults, mainly in the role of a spectator. Children over 10 years of age can take a more active part in the experiments.

An example of such an experiment would be the creation of a lava lamp. Surely many children dream of such a miracle. But, it is much more pleasant to make it with your own hands, using simple components for this, which are sure to be found in every home.

Experience "Lava Lamp"

The basis of the lava lamp will be a small jar or the most ordinary glass. In addition, for experience you will need vegetable oil, water, salt and some food coloring.

The jar, or other container used as the base of the lamp, is filled with two-thirds of water and one-third with oil. Since oil is much lighter than water by weight, it will remain on its surface without mixing with it. Then, a little food coloring is added to the jar - this will give the lava lamp color and make the experiment more beautiful and spectacular. And after that, a teaspoon of salt is placed in the resulting mixture. For what? Salt causes the oil to sink to the bottom in the form of bubbles, and then, dissolving, pushes them up.

The following chemistry experiment will help make a school subject like geography fun and interesting.

Making a volcano with your own hands

After all, studying volcanoes is much more interesting when there is not just a dry book text nearby, but a whole model! Especially if it is easy to make it at home with your own hands, using available improvised means: sand is perfect, food coloring, soda, vinegar and a bottle.

To begin with, a bottle is placed on the tray - it will become the basis of the future volcano. Around it, you need to mold a small cone of sand, clay or plasticine - so the mountain will take on a more complete and believable look. Now you need to cause a volcanic eruption: a little warm water is poured into the bottle, then a little soda and food coloring (red or orange). The final touch will be a quarter cup of vinegar. Having reacted with soda, the vinegar will begin to actively push the contents of the bottle out. This explains the interesting effect of the eruption, which can be observed with the child.

Volcano can be made from toothpaste

Can paper burn without burning?

It turns out yes. And the experiment with fireproof money will easily prove it. To do this, a ten-ruble banknote is immersed in a 50% alcohol solution (water is mixed with alcohol in a ratio of 1 to 1, a pinch of salt is added to it). After the bill is properly soaked, excess liquid is removed from it, and the bill itself is set on fire. Having flared up, it will begin to burn, but it will not burn out at all. The explanation for this experience is quite simple. The temperature at which alcohol burns is not high enough to evaporate water. Thanks to this, even after the substance burns out completely, the money will remain slightly wet, but absolutely intact.

Ice experiments are always a success

Young nature lovers can be encouraged to germinate seeds at home without using the soil. How it's done?

A little cotton wool is placed in the eggshell; it is actively wetted with water, and then some seeds (for example, alfalfa) are placed in it. In just a few days, the first sprouts will be visible. Thus, soil is not always needed for seed germination - only water is enough.

And the next experiment, which is easy to do at home for children, will surely appeal to girls. After all, who doesn't love flowers?

A painted flower can be given to mom

Especially the most unusual, bright colors! Thanks to a simple experience, right in front of astonished children, simple and familiar flowers can turn into the most unexpected color. Moreover, it is extremely simple to do this: just put the cut flower in water with food coloring added to it. Climbing the stem to the petals, chemical dyes will color them in the colors you need. To better absorb water, it is better to cut diagonally - so it will have the maximum area. In order for the color to appear brighter, it is advisable to use light, or white flowers. An even more interesting and fantastic effect will be obtained if, before the start of the experiment, the stem is split into several parts and each of them is immersed in its own glass of colored water.

Petals will be painted in all colors at once in the most unexpected and bizarre way. What will undoubtedly make an indelible impression on the child!

Experience "Colored foam"

Everyone knows that under the influence of gravity, water can only flow down. But, is it possible to make it rise up the napkin? To conduct this experiment, an ordinary glass is filled with water by about a third. The napkin is folded several times so that a narrow rectangle is obtained. After that, the napkin unfolds again; stepping back a little from the bottom edge on it, you need to draw a line of colored dots of a sufficiently large diameter. The napkin is immersed in water so that about one and a half centimeters of its colored part is in it. Having come into contact with a napkin, the water will gradually rise up, staining it with multi-colored stripes. This unusual effect is due to the fact that, having a porous structure, the fibers of the napkin easily pass water up. Gelatin water does not mix

Gelatin dissolves in a quarter cup of water; it should swell and increase in volume. Then, the substance is dissolved in a water bath and brought to about 50 degrees. the resulting liquid must be distributed in a thin layer over a plastic bag. With the help of cookie cutters, figures of various shapes are cut out of gelatin. After that, they need to be laid on a blotter or napkin, and then breathe on them. The warm breath will cause the gelatin to expand in volume, causing the figures to begin to curve on one side.

Experiments carried out at home with children are very easy to diversify.

Gelatin figures from molds

In winter, you can try to slightly modify the experiment by taking the gelatin figurines out onto the balcony or leaving them for a while. freezer. When the gelatin hardens under the influence of cold, patterns of ice crystals will clearly appear on it.

Conclusion

Description of other experiences

Delight and a sea of ​​positive emotions - that's what experimenting for curious children will give, carried out together with adults. And parents will allow themselves to share the joy of the first discoveries with young researchers. After all, no matter how old a person is, the opportunity to return to childhood at least for a short time is truly priceless.

How to awaken a child's interest in scientific knowledge - for example, in chemistry? It is worth trying a practical approach. The theory is dry and easily forgotten, and knowledge, confirmed by a successful experiment, will settle in the mind for a long time.

As a result of the "Adhesives" series of experiments, parents and their children can create a glue stick, learning a lot about chemical properties substances we know. No spectacular explosions and sparks, but the experiments are scientifically based and easily carried out at home.

Experiment 1

We will need: water, sugar, soda, salt, corn starch, paper.

The experiment will help you figure out how glue is made and what exactly gives it such a property as stickiness. To start, ask the children to remember and think about what foods in your kitchen that leave sticky residue behind? Every kitchen has powdered ingredients, what happens when you dilute them with water? To find out, you have to try! Mix sugar, soda, salt, cornstarch or similar samples with water. Will it be possible to glue a couple of sheets of paper with these solutions?

Experiment 2

In a previous experiment, we learned that when starch is mixed with water, a sticky substance forms. Starch is a natural raw material. How to find out where there is starch, and where it is not?

So, in this experiment, two samples are used: a positive sample containing corn starch and a negative sample containing a substance that looks like corn starch (for example, powdered sugar).

Before starting the experiment, invite the children to think about what foods might contain starch. They can test their assumptions using the determination method below.

Necessary materials:

• Lugol's solution (iodine solution/potassium iodide solution).
• Disposable pipettes.
• Laboratory test tubes or small glass containers in which you can mix the test substances with Lugol's solution (kitchen utensils, such as glasses, are also quite suitable).
• Corn starch and powdered sugar for control samples.
• Starchy foods such as potatoes, pre-soaked wheat grains, cornmeal.
• Starch-free foods, such as cucumbers.

Use a spatula to place a small amount of corn starch into a lab tube. Add 2 ml (1/2 teaspoon) of water, shake the tube gently. Then add 4 drops of Lugol's solution to the test tube. What happened? In samples containing starch, the solution will take on a characteristic blue color.

Is there starch in your glue stick? Now you can check it out yourself.

It's time to find out what foods contain starch. Have your child complete the following chart:

Experiment 3

So, we learned that there is starch in potatoes, but not in cucumbers. How to get it out of there now, from potatoes?

A useful starting point is to observe the fact that water becomes cloudy when starch foods are placed in it for several hours. This becomes especially noticeable if rice grains are soaked in water. Turbidity means that some substance has passed from the product into the water. In order to show this to the child, we recommend preparing a sample in advance - for example, soak rice in a bowl of water.

Necessary materials:

• 3-6 potatoes (depending on size).
• 150 g cornmeal.
• Old kitchen towels.
• 4 plastic cups medium size.
• 1-2 graters.
• 2 porcelain plates or heat-resistant crystallizers.
• Beaker.
• Water.

1. Choose one of the products (3-6 potatoes or 150 g of cornmeal), grate it if necessary (in a plastic or metal bowl).
2. Add 300 ml of water to the ground food in the cup and stir with a glass rod.
3. Cover the second cup with a kitchen towel, pour the mixture onto the towel and squeeze out the water (liquid). Collect the liquid in a cup.
4. Put the rest of the mixture in the first cup, repeat steps 2 and 3, but use only 200 ml of water. Wait five minutes and carefully drain the water. Leave a white residue at the bottom of the cup.
5. Transfer the leftovers to a plate and place in the oven at 180°C for 20 minutes. After the drying step, a dense whitish substance will remain on the plate: starch.

Experiment 4

In the first experiment, we learned that when starch is combined with water, a sticky substance is formed. But this substance is not yet suitable for use as an adhesive. To do this, with the resulting mixture, you need to do a few more steps.

First, children learn from this experiment that when heated with water, starch turns into a jelly-like sticky paste. Secondly, they learn that good glue needs the right consistency.

Ask your child what he thinks: what needs to be done with starch to make it more sticky?

Necessary materials:

• Starch obtained in the experiment earlier, or ready-made corn starch (of course, it is much more interesting to use your own).
• Stove or oven.
• Thermometer.

To prepare a starch paste, mix 1 g (1/4 teaspoon) starch with 5 ml (teaspoon) water and heat at about 80°C until the mixture starts to stick to a stick or spoon. Starch swells when heated. Swelling is caused by the fact that the solvent (water) is absorbed by the force of capillarity and then evaporates. Examples from Everyday life can serve to prepare pudding or thick sauces.

So, we have starch paste. Can we start gluing different surfaces with it? Almost!

Experiment 5

Hold on, we're almost done!

What separates us from the real glue? Let's try to do the following:

1. Place the starch paste at the tip of a spatula into a laboratory test tube, add 5 ml of water, stopper the test tube.
2. Shake the tube for about 30 seconds.
3. Repeat the process with the substance from which the glue stick is made.

Tell me what was the difference? Didn't you have the feeling that the material from which the glue stick was made foamed just like soap?

Well, let's try to cook a starch paste, but this time with the addition of soap chips.

Necessary materials:

• Starch obtained during the experiment, or ready-made corn starch.
• Bar of soap, fragrance-free if possible.
• 1-2 refractory glass jars or saucepans.
• Stove or oven.
• 1-2 glass sticks or spoons for stirring.
• Thermometer.

Grind about a quarter of a bar of soap using a potato grater.

In a 150 ml beaker, thoroughly dissolve 1 g (1/4 teaspoon) of grated soap in 14 ml (teaspoon) of water; the result should be soapy foam.

Add 4 g (teaspoon) starch to the soap solution and mix thoroughly with a glass rod.

Heat the mixture on the hotplate to 80°C, stirring occasionally with a glass rod.

What did you get? Is it possible to somehow change the properties of the resulting mass?

Repeat steps two through four using 2g (1/2 teaspoon), 3g (3/4 teaspoon) and 4g (teaspoon) soap.

By varying the amount of soap, you can prepare glue of absolutely any consistency.

So, we have just prepared a real glue stick. Little experimenters will be able to carry out the rest of the experiments in the free classes of the Henkel World of Explorers. You can find out about the place and time of the classes, as well as enroll your child in them on the program website.

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My personal experience of teaching chemistry has shown that it is very difficult to study such a science as chemistry without any initial knowledge and practice. Schoolchildren very often run this subject. I personally observed how a student of the 8th grade at the word "chemistry" began to frown, as if he had eaten a lemon.

Later it turned out that because of dislike and misunderstanding of the subject, he skipped school in secret from his parents. Of course, the school curriculum is designed in such a way that the teacher must give a lot of theory at the first chemistry lessons. Practice, as it were, fades into the background precisely at the moment when the student cannot yet independently realize whether he needs this subject in the future. This is primarily due to the laboratory equipment of schools. In big cities, things are better now with reagents and instruments. As for the province, as well as 10 years ago, and at present, many schools do not have the opportunity to conduct laboratory classes. But the process of studying and fascination with chemistry, as well as with other natural sciences, usually begins with experiments. And it is no coincidence. Many famous chemists, such as Lomonosov, Mendeleev, Paracelsus, Robert Boyle, Pierre Curie and Maria Sklodowska-Curie (schoolchildren also study all these researchers in physics classes) have already started experimenting since childhood. The great discoveries of these great people were made in home chemical laboratories, since chemistry classes at institutes were available only to wealthy people.

And, of course, the most important thing is to interest the child and convey to him that chemistry surrounds us everywhere, so the process of studying it can be very exciting. This is where home chemistry experiments come in handy. Observing such experiments, one can further look for an explanation of why things happen this way and not otherwise. And when a young researcher encounters similar concepts at school lessons, the teacher’s explanations will be more understandable to him, since he will already have his own experience in conducting home chemical experiments and the knowledge gained.

It is very important to start science studies with the usual observations and real life examples that you think will be the best for your child. Here are some of them. Water is a chemical substance consisting of two elements, as well as gases dissolved in it. Man also contains water. We know that where there is no water, there is no life. A person can live without food for about a month, and without water - only a few days.

River sand is nothing but silicon oxide and also the main raw material for glass production.

A person himself does not suspect it and carries out chemical reactions every second. The air we breathe is a mixture of gases - chemicals. In the process of exhalation, another complex substance is released - carbon dioxide. We can say that we ourselves are a chemical laboratory. You can explain to the child that washing hands with soap is also a chemical process of water and soap.

An older child who, for example, has already begun to study chemistry at school, can be explained that almost all elements of the periodic system of D. I. Mendeleev can be found in the human body. In a living organism, not only all chemical elements are present, but each of them performs some biological function.

Chemistry is also medicines, without which at present many people cannot live even a day.

Plants also contain the chemical chlorophyll, which gives the leaf its green color.

Cooking is a complex chemical process. Here you can give an example of how the dough rises when yeast is added.

One of the options for getting a child interested in chemistry is to take an individual outstanding researcher and read the story of his life or watch an educational film about him (films about D.I. Mendeleev, Paracelsus, M.V. Lomonosov, Butlerov are now available).

Many believe that real chemistry is harmful substances, it is dangerous to experiment with them, especially at home. There are many very exciting experiences that you can do with your child without harming your health. And these home chemical experiments will be no less exciting and instructive than those that come with explosions, pungent odors and puffs of smoke.

Some parents are also afraid to conduct chemical experiments at home because of their complexity or the lack of the necessary equipment and reagents. It turns out that you can get by with improvised means and those substances that every housewife has in the kitchen. You can buy them at your nearest household store or pharmacy. Test tubes for home chemical experiments can be replaced with pill bottles. Reagents can be stored glass jars, for example, from baby food or mayonnaise.

It is worth remembering that the dishes with reagents must have a label with the inscription and be tightly closed. Sometimes the tubes need to be heated. In order not to hold it in your hands when heated and not get burned, you can build such a device using a clothespin or a piece of wire.

It is also necessary to allocate several steel and wooden spoons for mixing.

You can make a stand for holding test tubes yourself by drilling through holes in the bar.

To filter the resulting substances, you will need a paper filter. It is very easy to make it according to the diagram given here.

For children who do not yet go to school or are studying in elementary grades, setting up home chemical experiments with their parents will be a kind of game. Most likely, such a young researcher will not yet be able to explain some individual laws and reactions. However, it is possible that just such an empirical way of discovering the surrounding world, nature, man, plants through experiments will lay the foundation for the study of natural sciences in the future. You can even arrange original competitions in the family - who will have the most successful experience and then demonstrate them at family holidays.

Regardless of the age of the child and his ability to read and write, I advise you to have a laboratory journal in which you can record experiments or sketch. A real chemist must write down a work plan, a list of reagents, sketches of instruments and describes the progress of work.

When you and your child just begin to study this science of substances and conduct home chemical experiments, the first thing to remember is safety.

To do this, follow the following safety rules:

2. It is better to allocate a separate table for conducting chemical experiments at home. If you do not have a separate table at home, then it is better to conduct experiments on a steel or iron tray or pallet.

3. It is necessary to get thin and thick gloves (they are sold in a pharmacy or hardware store).

4. For chemical experiments, it is best to buy a lab coat, but you can also use a thick apron instead of a dressing gown.

5. Laboratory glassware should not be used for food.

6. In home chemical experiments, there should be no cruelty to animals and violation of the ecological system. Acidic chemical waste should be neutralized with soda, and alkaline with acetic acid.

7. If you want to check the smell of a gas, liquid or reagent, never bring the vessel directly to your face, but, holding it at a certain distance, direct, waving your hand, the air above the vessel towards you and at the same time smell the air.

8. Always use small amounts of reagents in home experiments. Avoid leaving reagents in a container without an appropriate inscription (label) on the bottle, from which it should be clear what is in the bottle.

The study of chemistry should begin with simple chemical experiments at home, allowing the child to master the basic concepts. A series of experiments 1-3 allow you to get acquainted with the basic aggregate states of substances and the properties of water. To begin with, you can show a preschooler how sugar and salt dissolve in water, accompanying this with an explanation that water is a universal solvent and is a liquid. Sugar or salt are solids that dissolve in liquids.

Experience number 1 "Because - without water and neither here nor there"

Water is a liquid chemical substance composed of two elements as well as gases dissolved in it. Man also contains water. We know that where there is no water, there is no life. A person can live without food for about a month, and without water - only a few days.

Reagents and equipment: 2 test tubes, soda, citric acid, water

Experiment: Take two test tubes. Pour in equal amounts of baking soda and citric acid. Then pour water into one of the test tubes, and not into the other. In a test tube in which water was poured, carbon dioxide began to be released. In a test tube without water - nothing has changed

Discussion: This experiment explains the fact that many reactions and processes in living organisms are impossible without water, and water also accelerates many chemical reactions. Schoolchildren can be explained that an exchange reaction has taken place, as a result of which carbon dioxide has been released.

Experience number 2 "What is dissolved in tap water"

Reagents and equipment: clear glass, tap water

Experiment: Pour tap water into a transparent glass and put it in a warm place for an hour. After an hour, you will see settled bubbles on the walls of the glass.

Discussion: Bubbles are nothing but gases dissolved in water. Gases dissolve better in cold water. As soon as the water becomes warm, the gases cease to dissolve and settle on the walls. A similar home chemical experiment also makes it possible to acquaint the child with the gaseous state of matter.

Experience No. 3 “What is dissolved in mineral water or water is a universal solvent”

Reagents and equipment: test tube, mineral water, candle, magnifying glass

Experiment: Pour mineral water into a test tube and slowly evaporate it over a candle flame (the experiment can be done on the stove in a saucepan, but the crystals will be less visible). As the water evaporates, the walls of the test tube will remain small crystals, they are all different shapes.

Discussion: Crystals are salts dissolved in mineral water. They have a different shape and size, since each crystal has its own chemical formula. With a child who has already begun to study chemistry at school, you can read the label on mineral water, which indicates its composition and write the formulas of the compounds contained in mineral water.

Experiment No. 4 "Filtration of water mixed with sand"

Reagents and equipment: 2 test tubes, funnel, paper filter, water, river sand

Experiment: Pour water into a test tube and dip a little river sand into it, mix. Then, according to the scheme described above, make a filter out of paper. Insert a dry, clean test tube into a rack. Slowly pour the sand/water mixture through a filter paper funnel. River sand will remain on the filter, and you will get clean water in a tripod tube.

Discussion: Chemical experience allows us to show that there are substances that do not dissolve in water, for example, river sand. The experience also introduces one of the methods of cleaning mixtures of substances from impurities. Here you can introduce the concepts of pure substances and mixtures, which are given in the 8th grade chemistry textbook. In this case, the mixture is sand with water, the pure substance is the filtrate, and river sand is the sediment.

The filtration process (described in Grade 8) is used here to separate a mixture of water and sand. To diversify the study of this process, you can delve a little into the history of drinking water purification.

Filtration processes were used as early as the 8th and 7th centuries BC. in the state of Urartu (now it is the territory of Armenia) for the purification of drinking water. Its inhabitants carried out the construction of a water supply system with the use of filters. A thick cloth was used as filters and charcoal. Similar systems of intertwined drainpipes, clay canals, equipped with filters were also on the territory of the ancient Nile among the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. Water was passed through such a filter several times through such a filter, eventually many times, eventually achieving best quality water.

One of the most interesting experiments is growing crystals. The experience is very clear and gives an idea of ​​many chemical and physical concepts.

Experience number 5 "Grow sugar crystals"

Reagents and equipment: two glasses of water; sugar - five glasses; wooden skewers; thin paper; pot; transparent cups; food coloring (the proportions of sugar and water can be reduced).

Experiment: The experiment should begin with the preparation of sugar syrup. We take a pan, pour 2 cups of water and 2.5 cups of sugar into it. We put on medium heat and, stirring, dissolve all the sugar. Pour the remaining 2.5 cups of sugar into the resulting syrup and cook until completely dissolved.

Now let's prepare the germs of crystals - sticks. Scatter a small amount of sugar on a piece of paper, then dip the stick in the resulting syrup, and roll it in sugar.

We take the pieces of paper and pierce a hole in the middle with a skewer so that the piece of paper fits snugly against the skewer.

Then we pour the hot syrup into transparent glasses (it is important that the glasses are transparent - this way the process of crystal ripening will be more exciting and visual). The syrup must be hot or the crystals will not grow.

You can make colored sugar crystals. To do this, add a little food coloring to the resulting hot syrup and stir it.

The crystals will grow in different ways, some quickly and some may take longer. At the end of the experiment, the child can eat the resulting lollipops if he is not allergic to sweets.

If you do not have wooden skewers, then you can experiment with ordinary threads.

Discussion: A crystal is a solid state of matter. It has a certain shape and a certain number of faces due to the arrangement of its atoms. Crystalline substances are substances whose atoms are arranged regularly, so that they form a regular three-dimensional lattice, called a crystal. Crystals of a number of chemical elements and their compounds have remarkable mechanical, electrical, magnetic and optical properties. For example, diamond is a natural crystal and the hardest and rarest mineral. Due to its exceptional hardness, diamond plays a huge role in technology. Diamond saws cut stones. There are three ways to form crystals: crystallization from a melt, from a solution, and from a gas phase. An example of crystallization from a melt is the formation of ice from water (after all, water is molten ice). An example of crystallization from solution in nature is the precipitation of hundreds of millions of tons of salt from sea water. In this case, when growing crystals at home, we are dealing with the most common methods of artificial growing - crystallization from a solution. Sugar crystals grow from a saturated solution by slowly evaporating the solvent - water, or by slowly lowering the temperature.

The following experience allows you to get at home one of the most useful crystalline products for humans - crystalline iodine. Before conducting the experiment, I advise you to watch with your child a short film “The life of wonderful ideas. Smart iodine. The film gives an idea of ​​the benefits of iodine and the unusual story of its discovery, which will be remembered by the young researcher for a long time. And it is interesting because the discoverer of iodine was an ordinary cat.

The French scientist Bernard Courtois during the years of the Napoleonic wars noticed that in the products obtained from the ashes of seaweed, which were thrown onto the coast of France, there is some substance that corrodes iron and copper vessels. But neither Courtois himself nor his assistants knew how to isolate this substance from the ashes of algae. Chance helped speed up the discovery.

At his small saltpeter plant in Dijon, Courtois was going to conduct several experiments. There were vessels on the table, one of which contained an alcoholic tincture of seaweed, and the other a mixture of sulfuric acid and iron. On the shoulders of the scientist sat his beloved cat.

There was a knock on the door, and the frightened cat jumped down and ran away, brushing the flasks on the table with its tail. The vessels broke, the contents mixed, and suddenly a violent chemical reaction began. When a small cloud of vapors and gases settled, the surprised scientist saw some kind of crystalline coating on the objects and debris. Courtois began to explore it. Crystals to anyone before this unknown substance were called "iodine".

So a new element was discovered, and Bernard Courtois's domestic cat went down in history.

Experience No. 6 "Obtaining iodine crystals"

Reagents and equipment: tincture of pharmaceutical iodine, water, a glass or a cylinder, a napkin.

Experiment: We mix water with tincture of iodine in the proportion: 10 ml of iodine and 10 ml of water. And put everything in the refrigerator for 3 hours. During cooling, the iodine will precipitate at the bottom of the glass. We drain the liquid, take out the iodine precipitate and put it on a napkin. Squeeze with napkins until the iodine begins to crumble.

Discussion: This chemical experiment is called extraction or extraction of one component from another. In this case, the water extracts the iodine from the spirit lamp solution. Thus, the young researcher will repeat the experience of the cat Courtois without smoke and beating dishes.

Your child will already learn about the benefits of iodine for disinfecting wounds from the movie. Thus, you show that there is an inextricable link between chemistry and medicine. However, it turns out that iodine can be used as an indicator or analyzer of the content of another useful substance - starch. The following experience will introduce the young experimenter to a separate very useful chemistry - analytical.

Experience No. 7 "Iodine-indicator of starch content"

Reagents and equipment: fresh potatoes, pieces of banana, apple, bread, a glass of diluted starch, a glass of diluted iodine, a pipette.

Experiment: We cut the potatoes into two parts and drip diluted iodine on it - the potatoes turn blue. Then we drip a few drops of iodine into a glass of diluted starch. The liquid also turns blue.

We drip with a pipette iodine dissolved in water on an apple, banana, bread, in turn.

Watching:

The apple didn't turn blue at all. Banana - slightly blue. Bread - turned blue very strongly. This part of the experiment shows the presence of starch in various products.

Discussion: Starch, reacting with iodine, gives a blue color. This property gives us the ability to detect the presence of starch in various foods. Thus, iodine is, as it were, an indicator or analyzer of starch content.

As you know, starch can be converted into sugar, if you take an unripe apple and drop iodine, it will turn blue, since the apple is not yet ripe. As soon as the apple ripens, all the starch contained will turn into sugar and the apple does not turn blue at all when treated with iodine.

The following experience will be useful for children who have already started studying chemistry at school. It introduces concepts such as chemical reaction, compound reaction, and qualitative reaction.

Experiment No. 8 "Flame coloring or compound reaction"

Reagents and equipment: tweezers, cookware edible salt, spirit lamp

Experiment: Take with tweezers a few crystals of coarse salt table salt. Let's hold them over the flame of the burner. The flame will turn yellow.

Discussion: This experiment makes it possible to carry out a chemical combustion reaction, which is an example of a compound reaction. Due to the presence of sodium in the composition of table salt, during combustion, it reacts with oxygen. As a result, a new substance is formed - sodium oxide. The appearance of a yellow flame indicates that the reaction has passed. Such reactions are qualitative reactions to compounds containing sodium, that is, it can be used to determine whether sodium is present in a substance or not.

A chemist is a very interesting and multifaceted profession, uniting many different specialists under its wing: chemists, chemical technologists, analytical chemists, petrochemists, chemistry teachers, pharmacists and many others. We decided together with them to celebrate the upcoming Chemist Day 2017, so we chose some interesting and impressive experiments in the field under consideration, which even those who are as far from the profession of a chemist as far as possible can repeat. The best chemistry experiments at home - read, watch and remember!

When is Chemist's Day celebrated?

Before we begin to consider our chemical experiments, let us clarify that the Chemist's Day is traditionally celebrated on the territory of the states of the post-Soviet space at the very end of spring, namely, on the last Sunday of May. This means that the date is not fixed: for example, in 2017 Chemist's Day is celebrated on May 28th. And if you work in the chemical industry, or study a specialty from this area, or are otherwise directly related to chemistry on duty, then you have every right to join the celebration on this day.

Chemical experiments at home

And now let's get down to the main thing, and we begin to perform interesting chemical experiments: it is best to do this together with young children, who will definitely perceive what is happening as a magic trick. Moreover, we tried to select such chemical experiments, the reagents for which can be easily obtained in a pharmacy or a store.

Experience No. 1 - Chemical traffic light

Let's start with a very simple and beautiful experiment, which received such a name by no means in vain, because the liquid participating in the experiment will change its color just to the colors of the traffic light - red, yellow and green.

You will need:

• indigo carmine;
• glucose;
• caustic soda;
• water;
• 2 clear glass containers.

Don't let the names of some of the ingredients scare you - you can easily buy glucose in tablets at a pharmacy, indigo carmine is sold in stores as a food coloring, and you can find caustic soda in a hardware store. It is better to take containers tall, with a wide base and a narrower neck, for example, flasks, so that it is more convenient to shake them.

But what is interesting about chemical experiments - there is an explanation for everything:

• By mixing glucose with caustic soda, i.e. sodium hydroxide, we obtained an alkaline solution of glucose. Then, mixing it with a solution of indigo carmine, we oxidize the liquid with oxygen, with which it was saturated during the transfusion from the flask - this is the reason for the appearance of green color. Further, glucose begins to work as a reducing agent, gradually changing color to yellow. But by shaking the flask, we again saturate the liquid with oxygen, allowing the chemical reaction to go through this circle again.

How interesting it looks live, you will get an idea from this short video:

Experience No. 2 - A universal indicator of acidity from cabbage

Children love interesting chemical experiments with colorful liquids, it's no secret. But we, as adults, responsibly declare that such chemical experiments look very spectacular and curious. Therefore, we advise you to conduct another "color" experience at home - a demonstration of amazing properties red cabbage. It, like many other vegetables and fruits, contains anthocyanins - natural indicator dyes that change their color depending on the pH level - i.e. the degree of acidity of the environment. This property of cabbage is useful to us in order to obtain further multi-colored solutions.

What we need:

• 1/4 red cabbage;
• lemon juice;
• baking soda solution;
• vinegar;
• sugar solution;
• drink type "Sprite";
• disinfectant;
• bleach;
• water;
• 8 flasks or glasses.

Many substances on this list are quite dangerous, so be careful when doing simple chemistry experiments at home, wear gloves, goggles if possible. And do not let children get too close - they can knock over the reagents or the final contents of the colored cones, even want to try them, which should not be allowed.

Let's get started:

And how do these chemical experiments explain the color changes?

• The fact is that light falls on all objects that we see - and it contains all the colors of the rainbow. Moreover, each color in the spectrum beam has its own wavelength, and molecules of different shapes, in turn, reflect and absorb these waves. The wave that is reflected from the molecule is the one we see, and this determines what color we perceive - because other waves are simply absorbed. And depending on what substance we add to the indicator, it begins to reflect only rays of a certain color. Nothing complicated!

A slightly different version of this chemical experiment, with fewer reagents, see the video:

Experience number 3 - Dancing jelly worms

We continue to do chemical experiments at home - and we will conduct the third experiment on all our favorite jelly sweets in the form of worms. Even adults will find it funny, and children will be completely delighted.

Take the following ingredients:

• a handful of jelly worms;
• vinegar essence;
• ordinary water;
• baking soda;
• glasses - 2 pcs.

When choosing the right candies, opt for smooth gooey worms, without sugar sprinkles. So that they are not heavy and move more easily, cut each candy lengthwise into two halves. So, we begin interesting chemical experiments:

1. Make a solution of warm water and 3 tablespoons of baking soda in one glass.
2. Put the worms in there and hold them there for about fifteen minutes.
3. Fill another deep glass with essence. Now you can slowly throw the jelly into the vinegar, watching how they begin to move up and down, which in some ways looks like a dance:

Why is this happening?

• It's simple: baking soda, in which the worms are soaked for a quarter of an hour, is sodium bicarbonate, and the essence is an 80% solution acetic acid. When they react, water, carbon dioxide in the form of small bubbles, and the sodium salt of acetic acid are formed. It is carbon dioxide in the form of bubbles that surrounds the worm, rises up, and then falls when they burst. But the process is still going on, causing the candy to rise on the resulting bubbles and descend until it is complete.

And if you are seriously interested in chemistry, and want Chemist's Day to become your professional holiday in the future, then you will probably be curious to see next video, which describes in detail the typical everyday life of chemistry students and their exciting educational and scientific activities:

Take it, tell your friends!

Read also on our website:

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Entertaining physics in our presentation will tell you why in nature there cannot be two identical snowflakes and why the driver of an electric locomotive backs up before starting off, where the largest reserves of water are located and what invention of Pythagoras helps fight alcoholism.

Home experiments for children

Today there is great amount educational games for children. But conducting various experiments in a homely atmosphere will leave an indelible impression on the younger generation. With a minimum set of items, it is possible to perform many experiments that in the mind of the child will be perceived as a focus.

Experiments for children "Invisible ink"

To create this magical experience for kids, you will need the following ingredients:

• Lemon juice - 1 teaspoon;
• Drinking water - 0.5 tablespoon;
• Cup;
• Double-sided cotton swab;
• Blank sheet of paper.

Actions to commit a secret message are carried out in the following order:

1. Squeezed lemon juice and water are poured into a glass. Everything is thoroughly mixed.
2. One side of the cotton swab should be used as a writing instrument. It is dipped in a lemon solution of water and the necessary text is applied to them on a blank sheet of paper.
3. After the secret information has completely dried, the sheet with the message must be heated. For the experience, you will need an included table lamp.
4. Under the influence of a lighting device, encrypted letters will begin to appear, such an experience at home for your child will be an amazing knowledge of chemical laws.

Experiments for children "Inflating a balloon with a lemon"

As necessary items for conducting such an experiment you will need:

• Glass empty bottle;
• Balloon;
• Scotch;
• Clean glass;
• Baking soda - 1 dessert spoon;
• 1 glass of pure water;
• Food vinegar - 3 large spoons;
• Juice of 1 lemon;
• Funnel.

Such a test is carried out in several stages:

1. Prepared soda is added to a bottle of water.
2. Vinegar and lemon juice are mixed in a glass. Then, using a funnel, the acidic mixture is poured into a bottle with soda and water.
3. With quick actions, put the ball on the neck of the bottle. And immediately wrap the edges with tape. This is necessary so that the air does not come out.
4. The ingredients put into the bottle create the necessary chemical reaction. Their end result is the release of carbon dioxide, which, by its properties, creates pressure inside this structure.
5. It is this forced action that inflates the balloon.

Experiments for children "Space rocket launch"

For this experience and creating a natural release of the lethal vehicle, you will need the following items:

• colored paper;
• Bottle with pressed cork;
• PVA glue;
• Scissors;
• Drinking water - 0.5 cups;
• Funnel;
• Juice squeezed from one lemon;
• Baking soda - 0.5 teaspoon;
• Toilet paper, small size;
• Threads.

The launch of the rocket model is carried out in a strict sequence of actions:

1. The cork will serve as the body of the spacecraft. It should not close the neck of the bottle too tightly. Glass containers are a kind of platform for starting.
2. Using scissors and colorful paper, you need to form wings for the rocket. Fix with glue. The result should be a mock-up of an aircraft that easily enters the neck of the bottle.
3. Using a funnel, water and lemon juice are poured into a glass container. Then the resulting mixture is mixed and waits for its finest hour.
4. Into a piece toilet paper baking soda is poured and wrapped with threads. The glomerulus should turn out to be of such a size that it can easily get into the prepared bottle without much effort.
5. A place to launch a spaceship must be thought out in advance. Since its rapid flight can destroy the chandelier on the ceiling.
6. Next, drop a lump of soda powder into a bottle of solution. And put a model of a rocket on the neck. But at the same time, the entry of the lethal vehicle into the launch turbine should not be too tight.
7. After a few seconds of waiting, you can almost see a real space launch, a great experience for children.

Experiments for children "Toothpick command"

During this experience, the child may well feel like a magician. In order for this miracle to happen, you need to arm yourself with items such as:

• Toothpicks;
• shallow cup of water;
• Rafinated sugar;
• Dishwashing liquid.

With the help of a minimum set and a few actions, you can conduct an experiment:

1. Spread the toothpicks on the water, in the form of sun rays.
2. Then, slowly lower a piece of refined sugar into the water into the center formed.
3. With this action, you can draw the toothpicks to the center of the bowl and the sugar lump.
4. And if the sugar is removed from the container, and a small drop of detergent is applied to this place, then the rays will begin to move away to the edges of the cup.
5. The focus of these actions is that sugar, by its properties, sucks in air, thereby attracting nearby objects. BUT soap solution on the contrary, repulsive.

Experience for children "Floating egg"

In order to make the egg float, you will need the following components:

• Raw chicken egg;
• Container with clean drinking water;
• Salt - 1 pack.

First, let's try to drop the egg into raw water. It just sank. Now we take it back and pour salt into the water. That is, we create a strong saline solution. The next step is to try to make the egg float in salt water. And it really is on the water surface and does not sink. This is due to the fact that salt creates an increased density of water, so this experience is obtained for children.

Experiments for children "Ice fishing"

As a catch, in this experiment for children, it will turn out small cube ice. It will be fished out of a glass of water, but the hands will remain dry. The list of required materials is described below:

• A glass of clean water;
• Frozen ice cube;
• A few grains of salt;
• Thread, no more than one meter long.

When conducting this experiment, it is necessary to carefully monitor everything that happens so as not to miss important details. The procedure for performing the necessary operations is:

1. A small piece of ice is lowered into a prepared glass of water.
2. The thread is placed with one end on the edge of the glass, and the other on the ice cube.
3. Salt granules are sprinkled on the ice where the thread is located. And the time is ticking. The waiting time is 5-10 minutes.
4. After the time has elapsed, with gentle movements over the edge of the thread, you can get an ice cube. It will be attached to the thread.
5. This is due to salt, which melts the ice. And then pure water only freezes the thread to the ice piece.

Experiments for children "Cold water boils"

In order to see boiling bubbles in cold water, participants in the experiments will need components such as:

• A glass filled to the top with cold water;
• Pharmaceutical gum;
• Handkerchief.

You need to perform all the tricks of the experiment in the sink and in the appropriate order:

1. The handkerchief is abundantly moistened with water and squeezed out.
2. A handkerchief is placed on a glass of water and secured with an elastic band. Moreover, the core of the scarf should touch the water surface.
3. Turn the prepared glass upside down and hold in one hand. With the other hand, apply light blows to the bottom of the glass. From these actions, the water begins to “boil”, that is, to boil.
4. This is due to the fact that the fabric of the handkerchief does not allow water to pass from the glass. And upon impact, vacuum air is formed, which enters the water, your child will be delighted.

Experience "Creating a musical instrument"

When creating a musical flute for children at home from improvised materials, you will need items such as:

• plastic straw;
• Scissors.

The future tool needs to be flattened a little on one side and cut off its side edges. With an equal distance from each other, three holes are cut on the surface of the straw. You just need to blow air into it slightly and alternately close the holes. The flute is ready to play music, an excellent experience for developing ear, imagination and logic modeling.

Experience "Bird in a cage"

To perform this experiment, it is necessary to prepare materials:

• Scissors;
• White cardboard;
• Needle and thread;
• Compass;
• Colour pencils.

Compliance with all stages of this experience will lead to an unforgettable experience of creating a cartoon. To construct it you need:

1. Using a compass, draw a regular circle on the cardboard and cut it out.
2. On the sides of the circle, pierce a pair of holes with a needle and pull the threads through them. The length of the threads on both sides should be about half a meter.
3. On the outside of the cardboard you need to depict an empty cage. And on another small bird that could fit in this cage.
4. Then, taking the threads from both sides, it is necessary to twist them with rotating movements.
5. When stretching the twisted ends, they will unwind. And at this moment the child will be able to see the bird that is in the cage.

Experiments for children "Turning a square into a circle"

The focus of this test is the visual effect. For its implementation, materials are needed:

• Cardboard;
• Ruler;
• felt-tip pen;
• Pencil.

When performing the transformation trick, it is necessary to cut out a square of the correct shape from cardboard. Then, using a ruler, find the middle of one side. Attach one end of the measuring device to it, and bring its other end to the corner of the nearest side. Along the formed line, using a felt-tip pen, it is necessary to apply about 30 points.

On a cardboard square, find its middle and pierce it with the sharp tip of a pencil. Cardboard paper should rotate on the pencil without much effort. When the square is rotated, you can see the resulting circle. Although these are just dots on the cardboard, they simply move in a circle and create a circle effect.

Experience "The Mighty Power of Breath"

Any child considers himself strong and courageous. And in order for his confidence in this to be fixed, it is necessary to conduct a similar experiment. For its implementation you will need:

• Hangers for clothes;
• Thick thread;
• Book;
• Clothesline.

The implementation of all stages of the experience will lead to excellent mastery results. The implementation of these activities is:

1. At a pre-selected place, it is necessary to pull the clothesline.
2. With the help of threads, a book is tied to the shoulders. It should not be in close contact with the hanger, that is, there must be free space between them.
3. The hanger hook must be hung on a clothesline. The design for the experiment is ready.
4. Being at a short distance from the device, you need to blow on it with all the available strength. The result of these actions will be only a slight wiggle of the book mechanism.
5. And if you change the tactics of breathing from the same distance, then the result will not be long in coming. With a slight increase in exhalation of air, the design will begin to deviate. And after you can also slowly blow on the device. That is, the effect of mightiness consists in the lightness and consistency of the breath.

Experiments for children "Record weight"

The materials needed for the experiment for children are used:

• Small tin cans - 2 pieces;
• Paper;
• Glass jar, about 1 liter.

The experiment consists of the following steps:

1. Cans of tin material are placed opposite each other, at an approximate distance of about 30 centimeters.
2. A prepared sheet of paper is laid on top of them. It creates the appearance of a bridge.
3. On this laid paper bridge, you need to carefully place the jar. The result of such actions will be the fall of the glass container.
4. If a paper sheet is folded into the shape of a typical accordion and placed between two tins, then a bridge will also be obtained. But only with enhanced action. Because if you put a jar on this structure, it will not fall, since the bridge does not even bend.

Whichever of these experiments is carried out in the society of children, they will certainly remember its effect for many years to come.

Video "Experiments for children at home"